Inclusion of Bukhara Emirate and Khiva Khanate into the Customs System of the Russian Empire (1895)
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the process of inclusion of two Central-Asian protectorates of the Russian Empire into the Russian customs-line between 1894 and 1895. The causes of this decision emerged as early as at the beginning of the 19th c.. The process of working on this project as well as discussions of different Russian ministries, central and regional (Turkestan) authorities, preliminary research and issuing special legal acts are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the procedure of conforming the decision with Emir of Bukhara and Khan of Khiva as they still remained de-jure independent rulers, and to issuing special own acts on including their states into the Russian customs system. The author examines the measures of the Russian authorities on the implementation of customs unification of the Russia, Bukhara and Khiva (including the creation of customs outposts, forming customs guards etc.) and the problems which took place — such as “internal customs-line” of Bukharans and Khivans, increase of contraband goods on the markets of Bukhara, Khiva and Russian Turkestan. Attempts to solve such problems were ineffective until the fall of the Russian Empire because of insufficient legal base on relations between the Russian Empire and its Central-Asian protectorates. Finally, the consequences of including Bukhara and Khiva into the imperial customs-line are evaluated — for Russia, Bukhara and Khiwa as well as for foreign countries (Afghanistan, Persia, British India etc.). Under the author's opinion the integration of Bukhara and Khiva into customs space of the Russian Empire as an example of predisposition of Eurasian states, regions and peoples to the economic integration which became apparent in different epochs and in different forms. This integration could be considered to a certain extent as prototype of the Customs Union of today. Hence, studying historical experience of economic integration of Eurasia is topical and necessary.
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